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Alternative exhibition space
An alternative exhibition space is a space other than a traditional commercial venue used for the public exhibition of artwork. Often comprising a place converted from another use, such as a store front, warehouse, or factory loft, it is then made into a display or performance space for use by an individual or group of artists. According to art advisor Allan Schwartzman "alternative spaces were the center of American artistic life in the '70s."〔Quoted by Brian Wallis, ''Public Funding and Alternative Spaces'' in Julie Ault, ''Alternative Art, New York, 1965-1985'', University of Minnesota Press, 2002, p165. ISBN 0-8166-3794-6〕
Macdonald argues that such spaces emerged in the wake of art practices in the 1960s and 1970s that reacted against the presumed neutrality of the "white cube" gallery space.〔Sharon Macdonald, ''A Companion to Museum Studies'', Blackwell publishing, 2006, p234. ISBN 1-4051-0839-8〕 A prominent wave of alternative spaces in the United States occurred in the 1970s,〔Robert Atkins, (''On edge: alternative spaces today'' ), ''Art in America'', Nov, 1998, p2.〕 with the first spaces established in 1969, including Billy Apple's APPLE and Robert Newman's Gain Ground where Vito Acconci produced many important early works and Philadelphia's Painted Bride Art Center in Philadelphia. Some date the start of the tendency from 1970, when 112 Greene Street〔Brian Wallis, ''Public Funding and Alternative Spaces'' in Julie Ault, ''(Alternative Art, New York, 1965-1985 )'', University of Minnesota Press, 2002, p165. ISBN 0-8166-3794-6〕 was founded in New York and with the early curatorial work of Alanna Heiss.〔Goldstein, Andrew M (May 2, 2008). "The Principal of P.S.1: Can Alanna Heiss’s vision for her museum outlast her?",(New York Magazine ), recovered on March 19, 2009.〕 The Kitchen was established in New York in 1971. A.I.R. Gallery opened in September 1972 as an alternative space women's co-op gallery. About this time And/Or Gallery opened in Seattle, Washington, the first alternative space of its kind in the Pacific Northwest. It was founded by Anne Focke. Bonnie Sherk's Crossroads Community (The Farm), another early alternative space, was established in San Francisco in 1974.〔Peter Selz, ''Art of Engagement'', University of California Press, 2006, pp229-230. ISBN 0-520-24053-7〕 Real Art Ways, in Hartford, Connecticut, was founded in 1975.〔Robert Atkins, (''On edge: alternative spaces today'' ), ''Art in America'', Nov, 1998〕
The wave of alternative spaces that emerged in the US during the late 1960s through the mid-1970s were typically organized by collectives of artists whose interests were focused on conceptual art, mixed media, electronic media, diversity and performance art.〔 For instance, Franklin Furnace in New York was established in 1976 by Martha Wilson to exhibit performance work.〔Kristine Stiles, Peter Howard Selz, ''Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art'', University of California Press, 1996, p693. ISBN 0-520-20251-1〕 LACE in Los Angeles and Washington Project for the Arts showed performance and video work. One of the most enduring alternative spaces in New York, P.S 1, was founded in 1976.〔 Exit Art in Manhattan opened in 1982. In 1981 the New Museum staged the exhibition "Alternatives in Retrospect: An Historical Overview 1969-1975", guest curated by Jacki Apple. This exhibition looked at early New York alternative galleries, Gain Ground, Apple, 98 Greene Street, 112 Greene Street Workshop, 10 Blecker Street, Idea Warehouse and 3 Mercer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://archive.newmuseum.org/index.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/39 )〕 The exhibition was documented with a publication and video.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://archive.newmuseum.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/6427 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.vdb.org/titles/alternatives-retrospect )〕 In Chicago, the exhibition ''Alternative Spaces'' curated by Lynne Warren at the Museum of Contemporary Art catalogued the scores of artists and artists' spaces to emerge during that period, including Artemisia Gallery (1973-2003), ARC Gallery (1973-), Gallery Bugs Bunny (1968-1972), N.A.M.E. Gallery (1973-1997), NAB Gallery (1974-1984), and Randolph Street Gallery (1979-1998).〔Warren, Lynne. 1984. ''Alternative spaces : a history in Chicago''. Chicago. Museum of Contemporary Art.〕 Earlier waves in Chicago produced the Hyde Park Art Center (1939-) and Contemporary Art Workshop (1950-2009), while later spaces included 1019 W. Lake St./Noise Factory (1981-1985), W.P.A. Gallery (1981-?) and Axe Street Arena (1985-1989). 〔'Art Facts: Axe St. Arena's closing statement.' ''Chicago Reader''. 13 July 1989.〕 Hundreds of artists enacted those spaces, including Jim Nutt, H.C. Westermann, Ed Paschke (HPAC), Leon Golub, Nancy Spero (CAC), Hollis Sigler, Vera Klement (Artemisia), Phil Berkman and Gary Justis (N.A.M.E.).〔Warren, Lynne. 1984. 'Alternative spaces : a history in Chicago. Checklist of the Exhibition, June 23-August 19, 1984'. Chicago. Museum of Contemporary Art.〕
Among the factors contributing to the demise of alternative spaces in the late 1980s in the USA was the reduction of public funding for artists and for the arts. With the election of Ronald Reagan as President came a restructuring of federal supports, such as an end to the CETA program, through which some artists found employment, and restrictions placed upon the National Endowment for the Arts.〔McLellan, Joseph (26 September 1985). "NEA: The First 20 Years; Looking Back On the Up-and-Down Union of Government and Art". Washington Post.〕 The net result of the rightward ideological movement in government – with its open hostility to non-traditional art – was that 'alternative artists' were not only de-funded, they and the galleries that featured them were prominently criminalized.〔c.f. ''National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley et al.'' 524 U.S. 569 118 S. Ct. 2168, 141 L. Ed. 2d 500, 1998 U.S.〕 〔'Mapplethorpe battle changed art world'. ''Cincinnati Enquirer''. 21 May 2000.〕 By the 1990s, NEA funding was significantly reduced, and so was the number of non-profit galleries.〔Brian Wallis, ''Public Funding and Alternative Spaces'' in Julie Ault, ''Alternative Art, New York, 1965-1985'', University of Minnesota Press, 2002, p164. ISBN 0-8166-3794-6〕
==References==
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